Configuring NGINX

Configure nginx for static sites, reverse proxying, load balancing, SSL/TLS termination, caching, and performance tuning with modern security best practices.

When to Use

Use when:

• Setting up web server for static sites or single-page applications
• Configuring reverse proxy for Node.js, Python, Ruby, or Go applications
• Implementing load balancing across multiple backend servers
• Terminating SSL/TLS for HTTPS traffic
• Adding caching layer for performance improvement
• Building API gateway functionality
• Protecting against DDoS with rate limiting
• Proxying WebSocket connections

Quick Start Examples

Static Website

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    root /var/www/example.com/html;
    index index.html;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|woff2)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
}

Reverse Proxy

upstream app_backend {
    server 127.0.0.1:3000;
    keepalive 32;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name app.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://app_backend;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Connection "";
    }
}

SSL/TLS Configuration

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.3 TLSv1.2;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;

    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

Core Concepts

Configuration Structure

nginx.conf (global settings)
├── events { } (connection processing)
└── http { } (HTTP-level settings)
    └── server { } (virtual host)
        └── location { } (URL routing)

File locations:

• /etc/nginx/nginx.conf - Main configuration
• /etc/nginx/sites-available/ - Available site configs
• /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ - Enabled sites (symlinks)
• /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf - Additional configs
• /etc/nginx/snippets/ - Reusable config snippets

Location Matching Priority

1. location = /exact - Exact match (highest priority)
2. location ^~ /prefix - Prefix match, stop searching
3. location ~ \.php$ - Regex, case-sensitive
4. location ~* \.(jpg|png)$ - Regex, case-insensitive
5. location / - Prefix match (lowest priority)

Common Patterns

Load Balancing

Round Robin (default):

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com:8080;
    server backend2.example.com:8080;
    server backend3.example.com:8080;
    keepalive 32;
}

Least Connections:

upstream backend {
    least_conn;
    server backend1.example.com:8080;
    server backend2.example.com:8080;
}

IP Hash (sticky sessions):

upstream backend {
    ip_hash;
    server backend1.example.com:8080;
    server backend2.example.com:8080;
}

Health Checks:

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server backend2.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server backup.example.com:8080 backup;
}

WebSocket Proxying

upstream websocket_backend {
    server 127.0.0.1:3000;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ws.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://websocket_backend;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;

        # Long timeouts for persistent connections
        proxy_connect_timeout 7d;
        proxy_send_timeout 7d;
        proxy_read_timeout 7d;
    }
}

Rate Limiting

# In http context
http {
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api_limit:10m rate=5r/s;
    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;
}

# In server context
server {
    listen 80;

    limit_req zone=api_limit burst=10 nodelay;
    limit_conn conn_limit 10;

    location /api/ {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

Performance Optimization

Worker Configuration:

# In main context
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;  # 1 per CPU core
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events {
    worker_connections 4096;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}

Gzip Compression:

# In http context
gzip on;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_min_length 1024;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml;

Proxy Caching:

# Define cache zone
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx/proxy
                 levels=1:2
                 keys_zone=app_cache:100m
                 max_size=1g
                 inactive=60m;

# Use in location
location / {
    proxy_cache app_cache;
    proxy_cache_valid 200 60m;
    proxy_cache_use_stale error timeout updating;
    add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

Security Headers

# Create /etc/nginx/snippets/security-headers.conf
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';" always;

Include in server blocks:

server {
    include snippets/security-headers.conf;
    # ... rest of config
}

Safety Checklist

Before deploying:

• Test configuration syntax: sudo nginx -t
• Use reload, not restart: sudo systemctl reload nginx
• Check error logs: sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
• Verify SSL/TLS: openssl s_client -connect domain:443
• Test externally: curl -I https://domain.com
• Monitor worker processes: ps aux | grep nginx

Troubleshooting

Quick fixes:

• Test config: sudo nginx -t
• Check logs: /var/log/nginx/error.log
• Verify backend: curl http://127.0.0.1:3000

Common errors:

• 502: Backend down
• 504: Timeout (increase proxy_read_timeout)
• 413: Upload size (set client_max_body_size)

Decision Framework

Choose nginx for:

• Performance-critical workloads (10K+ connections)
• Reverse proxy and load balancing
• Static file serving
• Modern application stacks

Choose alternatives for:

• Apache (.htaccess, mod_php, legacy apps)
• Caddy (auto-HTTPS, simpler config)
• Traefik (dynamic containers)
• Envoy (service mesh)

Related Skills

• Load Balancing Patterns - Advanced load balancing architecture
• Administering Linux - Linux server management for nginx
• Operating Kubernetes - nginx Ingress Controller for Kubernetes
• Shell Scripting - Automate nginx deployment and configuration

References

• Full Skill Documentation
• Configuration Structure: references/configuration-structure.md
• Static Sites: references/static-sites.md
• Reverse Proxy: references/reverse-proxy.md
• Load Balancing: references/load-balancing.md
• SSL/TLS Config: references/ssl-tls-config.md
• Performance Tuning: references/performance-tuning.md
• Security Hardening: references/security-hardening.md