Authentication & Security

Implement modern authentication, authorization, and API security across Python, Rust, Go, and TypeScript.

When to Use

Use when:

• Building user authentication systems (login, signup, SSO)
• Implementing authorization (roles, permissions, access control)
• Securing APIs (JWT validation, rate limiting)
• Adding passwordless auth (Passkeys/WebAuthn)
• Migrating from password-based to modern auth
• Integrating enterprise SSO (SAML, OIDC)
• Implementing fine-grained permissions (RBAC, ABAC, ReBAC)

Multi-Language Support

This skill provides patterns for:

• Python: Authlib, joserfc (JWT), argon2-cffi, py_webauthn
• TypeScript: Auth.js v5, jose 5.x, @simplewebauthn/server, Zod
• Rust: jsonwebtoken, oauth2, webauthn-rs, argon2
• Go: golang-jwt, go-oidc, go-webauthn, x/crypto/argon2

OAuth 2.1 Mandatory Requirements (2025 Standard)

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│           OAuth 2.1 MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS                  │
│                   (RFC 9798 - 2025)                         │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                             │
│  ✅ REQUIRED (Breaking Changes from OAuth 2.0)             │
│  ├─ PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange) MANDATORY           │
│  │   └─ S256 method (SHA-256), minimum entropy 43 chars   │
│  ├─ Exact redirect URI matching                            │
│  │   └─ No wildcard matching, no substring matching       │
│  ├─ Authorization code flow ONLY for public clients       │
│  │   └─ All other flows require confidential client       │
│  └─ TLS 1.2+ required for all endpoints                   │
│                                                             │
│  ❌ REMOVED (No Longer Supported)                          │
│  ├─ Implicit grant (security vulnerabilities)             │
│  ├─ Resource Owner Password Credentials grant              │
│  └─ Bearer token in query parameters                       │
│                                                             │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Critical: PKCE is now mandatory for ALL OAuth flows, not just public clients.

JWT Best Practices

Signing Algorithms (Priority Order)

1. EdDSA with Ed25519 (Recommended)

   • Fastest performance
   • Smallest signature size
   • Modern cryptography

2. ES256 (ECDSA with P-256)

   • Good performance
   • Industry standard
   • Wide compatibility

3. RS256 (RSA)

   • Legacy compatibility
   • Larger signatures
   • Slower performance

NEVER allow alg: none or algorithm switching attacks.

Token Lifetimes (Concrete Values)

• Access token: 5-15 minutes
• Refresh token: 1-7 days with rotation
• ID token: Same as access token (5-15 minutes)

Refresh token rotation: Each refresh generates new access AND refresh tokens, invalidating the old refresh token.

Token Storage

• Access token: Memory only (never localStorage)
• Refresh token: HTTP-only cookie + SameSite=Strict
• CSRF token: Separate non-HTTP-only cookie
• Never log tokens: Redact in application logs

JWT Claims (Required)

{
  "iss": "https://auth.example.com",
  "sub": "user-id-123",
  "aud": "api.example.com",
  "exp": 1234567890,
  "iat": 1234567890,
  "jti": "unique-token-id",
  "scope": "read:profile write:data"
}

Password Hashing with Argon2id

OWASP 2025 Parameters

Algorithm: Argon2id
Memory cost (m): 64 MB (65536 KiB)
Time cost (t): 3 iterations
Parallelism (p): 4 threads
Salt length: 16 bytes (128 bits)
Target hash time: 150-250ms

Key Points:

• Argon2id is hybrid: data-independent timing + memory-hard
• Tune memory cost to achieve 150-250ms on YOUR hardware
• Use timing-safe comparison for verification
• Migrate from bcrypt gradually (verify with old, rehash with new)

Passkeys / WebAuthn

Passkeys provide phishing-resistant, passwordless authentication using FIDO2/WebAuthn.

When to Use Passkeys

• User-facing applications prioritizing security
• Reducing password-related support burden
• Mobile-first applications (biometric auth)
• Applications requiring MFA without SMS

Cross-Device Passkey Sync

• iCloud Keychain: Apple ecosystem (iOS 16+, macOS 13+)
• Google Password Manager: Android, Chrome
• 1Password, Bitwarden: Third-party password managers

Authorization Models

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                Authorization Model Selection                │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                             │
│  Simple Roles (<20 roles)                                  │
│  └─ RBAC with Casbin (embedded, any language)              │
│      Example: Admin, User, Guest                           │
│                                                             │
│  Complex Attribute Rules                                    │
│  └─ ABAC with OPA or Cerbos                                │
│      Example: "Allow if user.clearance >= doc.level        │
│                AND user.dept == doc.dept"                   │
│                                                             │
│  Relationship-Based (Multi-Tenant, Collaborative)          │
│  └─ ReBAC with SpiceDB (Zanzibar model)                    │
│      Example: "Can edit if member of doc's workspace       │
│                AND workspace.plan includes feature"         │
│      Use cases: Notion-like, GitHub-like permissions       │
│                                                             │
│  Kubernetes / Infrastructure Policies                       │
│  └─ OPA (Gatekeeper for admission control)                 │
│      Example: Enforce pod security policies                │
│                                                             │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Library Selection by Language

TypeScript

• Auth Framework: Auth.js v5
• JWT: jose 5.x
• Passkeys: @simplewebauthn/server 11.x
• Validation: Zod 3.x
• Policy Engine: Casbin.js 1.x

Python

• Auth Framework: Authlib 1.3+
• JWT: joserfc 1.x
• Passkeys: py_webauthn 2.x
• Password Hashing: argon2-cffi 24.x
• Validation: Pydantic 2.x
• Policy Engine: PyCasbin 1.x

Rust

• JWT: jsonwebtoken 10.x
• OAuth Client: oauth2 5.x
• Passkeys: webauthn-rs 0.5.x
• Password Hashing: argon2 0.5.x
• Policy Engine: Casbin-RS 2.x

Go

• JWT: golang-jwt v5
• OAuth Client: go-oidc v3
• Passkeys: go-webauthn 0.11.x
• Password Hashing: golang.org/x/crypto/argon2
• Policy Engine: Casbin v2

Managed Auth Services

Service	Best For	Key Features
Clerk	Rapid development, startups	Prebuilt UI, Next.js SDK
Auth0	Enterprise, established	25+ social providers, SSO
WorkOS AuthKit	B2B SaaS, enterprise SSO	SAML/SCIM, admin portal
Supabase Auth	Postgres users	Built on Postgres, RLS

Self-Hosted Solutions

Solution	Language	Use Case
Keycloak	Java	Enterprise, on-prem
Ory	Go	Cloud-native, microservices
Authentik	Python	Modern, developer-friendly

API Security Best Practices

Rate Limiting

// Tiered rate limiting (per IP + per user)
const rateLimits = {
  anonymous: '10 requests/minute',
  authenticated: '100 requests/minute',
  premium: '1000 requests/minute',
}

Use sliding window algorithm (not fixed window) with Redis.

CORS Configuration

// Restrictive CORS (production)
const corsOptions = {
  origin: ['https://app.example.com'],
  credentials: true,
  maxAge: 86400, // 24 hours
  allowedHeaders: ['Content-Type', 'Authorization'],
  methods: ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'PATCH'],
}

// NEVER use origin: '*' with credentials: true

Security Headers

const securityHeaders = {
  'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload',
  'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY',
  'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff',
  'Referrer-Policy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
  'Permissions-Policy': 'geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=()',
  'Content-Security-Policy': "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'",
}

Frontend Integration Patterns

Protected Routes (Next.js)

// middleware.ts
import { withAuth } from 'next-auth/middleware'

export default withAuth({
  callbacks: {
    authorized: ({ token, req }) => {
      if (req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) {
        return !!token
      }
      if (req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/admin')) {
        return token?.role === 'admin'
      }
      return true
    },
  },
})

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*', '/admin/:path*'],
}

Role-Based UI Rendering

import { useSession } from 'next-auth/react'

export function AdminPanel() {
  const { data: session } = useSession()

  if (session?.user?.role !== 'admin') {
    return null
  }

  return <div>Admin Controls</div>
}

Common Workflows

1. OAuth 2.1 Integration

1. Generate PKCE challenge
2. Redirect to authorization endpoint
3. Handle callback with authorization code
4. Exchange code for tokens (with code_verifier)
5. Store tokens securely
6. Implement refresh token rotation

2. JWT Implementation

1. Generate signing keys
2. Configure token lifetimes (5-15 min access, 1-7 day refresh)
3. Implement token validation middleware
4. Set up refresh token rotation
5. Configure token storage (memory for access, HTTP-only cookie for refresh)

3. Passkeys Setup

1. Register credential during signup/settings
2. Generate challenge for registration
3. Verify attestation
4. Store credential ID and public key
5. Implement authentication flow with assertion

Integration with Other Skills

Forms Skill

• Login/register forms with validation
• Error states for auth failures
• Password strength indicators

API Patterns Skill

• JWT middleware integration
• Error response formats (401, 403)
• OpenAPI security schemas

Dashboards Skill

• Role-based widget visibility
• User profile display
• Permission-based data filtering

Observability Skill

• Auth event logging (login, logout, permission denied)
• Failed login tracking
• Token refresh monitoring

Related Skills

• API Patterns - Secure REST/GraphQL APIs
• Forms - Login and registration forms
• Observability - Security event logging

References

• Full Skill Documentation
• OAuth 2.1: https://oauth.net/2.1/
• Auth.js: https://authjs.dev/
• Authlib: https://docs.authlib.org/
• Passkeys: https://passkeys.dev/